Abeer Elshater
Professor at Urban Planning
Career Information
Academic Information
Brief
Abeer Elshater is a professor of Urban Morphology at Ain Shams University (ASU), Cairo, Egypt, teaching and supervising multidisciplinary topics in urban design. She is a personal investigator for a funded research project (STDF Basic & Applied Research Grants (STDF-BARG 37234) by Science, Technology and Innovation Funding Authority (STDF) about urban heat islands and urban forms. Elshater has also worked on some international research projects with international universities. She also is co-editor, author and co-author of several books and scientific manuscripts. She was a vice-director of the Contagious Improvement of Quality Assurance Unit—CIQAU at the Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University (2015-2018). Currently, Elshater acts as an ambassador of the Regional Studies Association, United Kingdom (UK). She can be reached at: abeer.elshater@eng.asu.edu.eg
Awards
1- Best Paper (2nd Runners Up) Award 2013:
Abeer Elahter. "Urban Reloading Philosophy Adequate People and Place" AicQoL 2013 Langkawi, AMER International Conference on Quality of Life
Holiday Villa Beach Resort & Spa, Langkawi, Malaysia, 6-8 April 2013
"Quality of Life in the Built and Natural Environment.
2- Best Paper Award
Abeer Elshater and Mennatalla Henday. "Assessment Methodology towards Outcomes-Based Learning in Urban Design Course", Conference SB13, Cairo, November, 2013.
3- Best Paper Award
ELshater, A. (2014, October). Tactical Urbanism: A Method of Community Empowerment in Cairo Neighborhoods. Bacelona, Spain. Pp pp28-38
http://www.greenpartnerships.eu/wp/wp-content/uploads/Session-79.pdf
Books
Abusaada, H., Elshater, A. Khalifa, M. (2022). Remapping Urban Heat Island Atlases in Regenerative Cities.. IGI Global. DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-2462-9
Abusaada, H., Elshater, A. Rodwell, D. (2021). Transforming Urban Nightlife and the Development of Smart Public Spaces 1st Edition. IGI Global. Doi: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7004-3
Abusaada, H., Salama, A., & Elshater, A. (2020). Reconstructing Urban Ambiance in Smart Public Places. IGI Global. DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-3856-2
https://www.igi-global.com/book/reconstructing-urban-ambiance-smart-public/244263
Abusaada, H., Vellguth, C. & Elshater, A. (2019). Handbook of Research on Digital Research Methods and Architectural Tools in Urban Planning and Design. IGI-Global.
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-9238-9
Abusaada, Hisham G. 2017. Architecture Evermore. Abeerl Elshater (editor). London: Partridge Africa: Penguin Reader.
Amazon:
https://www.amazon.com/Architecture-Evermore-Hisham-G-Abusaada/dp/1482877619/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1496874555&sr=1-1&keywords=Hisham+Abusaada
Abusaada, Hisham G. and Abeer Elshater. “Back to the Order: The Chaos in the cities of Hardship”, Lambert Academic Publishing, January 2017.
Amazon:
https://www.amazon.com/Back-Order-Hisham-G-Abusaada/dp/3330037857/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1489005044&sr=8-1&keywords=Back+to+the+Order%2C+Hisham+Abusaada
Elshater, Abeer, and Hisham G. Abusaada. 2016. What is Urban Design? Teaching and Learning (Booklet One). London: Partridge: Penguin Reader.
http://www.whatisurbandesign.com/
Amazon:
https://www.amazon.com/What-Urban-Design-Abeer-Elshater/dp/1482862832/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1487652975&sr=8-1&keywords=What+is+Urban+Design
Google books
https://books.google.com.eg/books?id=o5fsnAAACAAJ&dq=What+is+Urban+Design+Abeer&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y
Publisher website:
http://www.partridgepublishing.com/Africa/Books/bookdetail.aspx?bookid=BK160201
—. 2016. Unknown Cities: The Unknown Cities: From Loss of Hope to Well-Being [And] Self-Satisfaction. London: Partridge Africa: Penguin Reader.
Authors’ website:
http://www.unknowncities-abeer-hisham.com/
Amazon:
http://www.amazon.com/Cities-Loss-Hope-Well-Being-Self-Satisfaction/dp/1482862301/ref=sr_1_fkmr0_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1462002043&sr=8-1-fkmr0&keywords=The+Unkwown+cities+Abeer+Elshater
Publisher’s Website
http://www.partridgepublishing.com/Africa/Books/bookdetail.aspx?bookid=BK160072
Elshater, Abeer. 2015. Urban Design Paradigm: Working Manuscripts. London: Partridge Africa: Penguin Reader.
http://www.amazon.com/Urban-Design-Paradigm-Working-Manuscripts/dp/1482824841
https://books.google.com.eg/books?id=DZY1CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT48&dq=Urban+Design+Paradigm&hl=ar&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Urban%20Design%20Paradigm&f=false
Publisher website: http://www.partridgepublishing.com/Africa/Books/bookdetail.aspx?bookid=BK150196
Articles
All my articles can be tracked from ORCiD record:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5061-6861
Publications
- Hisham Abusaada, Abeer Elshater, Ashraf Neseem, Maha Fouad, " Convivial Evening Atmospheres in Old Cairo: Urban Planning and Design Toolkit ", Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 2024
- Gehad Megahed, Abeer Elshater, Samy Afifi, Mohab Abdelmoneim Elrefaie, " Reconceptualizing Proximity Measurement Approaches through the Urban Discourse on the X-Minute City ", Sustainability, 2024
- Ibrahim Khamis, Abeer Elshater, Samy Afifi, Maha Baher, " Residents’ responses to social interactions and social sustainability in gated communities of the Greater Cairo Region ", HBRC Journal, 2023
- Moureen Asaad, Ghada Farouk Hassan, Abeer Elshater, Samy Afifi, " Analytical hierarchy process for ranking green neighbourhood efforts in the Middle East and North Africa region ", Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research, 2023
- Hisham Abusaada, Abeer Elshater, " Developing a guiding framework based on sustainable development to alleviate poverty, hunger and disease ", Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research, 2023
- Omnia Ashraf Badawy, Marwa A. Khalifa, Abeer Elshater, " City identity and singularity: people's preferences about development projects in Cairo ", Open House International, 2023
- Hisham Abusaada, Abeer Elshater, " Can Public Spaces Alleviate Poverty-Related Feelings? Content Analysis of Vision 2030 and Egyptian Residents’ Storytelling ", Buildings, 2023
- Hisham Abusaada, Abeer Elshater, " Cairenes’ Storytelling: Pedestrian Scenarios as a Normative Factor When Enforcing Street Changes in Residential Areas ", Social Sciences, 2023
- Hisham Abusaada, Abeer Elshater, " Semantic similarities between personality, identity, character, and singularity within the context of the city or urban, neighbourhood, and place in urban planning and design ", International Planning Studies, 2023
- Abusaada, H., Elshater, A., " Building Sustainable Habitats for Free-Roaming Cats in Public Spaces: A Systematic Literature Review ", Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 2023
- Elshater, A., Abusaada, H., Alwaer, H., " Editorial: In urban planning and design, strengthening research design is crucial ", Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Urban Design and Planning, 2023
- Elshater, A., Abusaada, H., " Exploring the Types of Blogs Cited in Urban Planning Research ", Planning Practice and Research, 2023
- Abusaada, H., Elshater, A., Rashed, R., " Exploring the singularity of smart cities in the New Administrative Capital City, Egypt ", Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 2023
- Asaad, M., Farouk Hassan, G., Elshater, A., Afifi, S., " Global South research priorities for neighbourhood sustainability assessment tools ", Open House International, 2023
- Mahmoud, S., Elshater, A., Afifi, S., " Investigating Pupils’ Responses to Urban Spaces Around Schools: Actions for a Responsive Environment ", Advances in Science, Technology and Innovation, 2023
- Mai M. Abdelkader, Marwa Khalifa, Abeer Elshater, " Lessons from COVID-19 outbreaks for spaces between buildings using tactical urbanism ", Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 2023
- El-Bardisy, N., Elshater, A., Afifi, S., Alfiky, A., " Predicting traffic sound levels in Cairo before, during, and after the COVID-19 lockdown using Predictor-LimA software ", Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 2023
- Elshinawy, E., Serag, Y., Elshater, A., Afifi, S., " Urban acupuncture theory for reclaiming urban spaces during the COVID-19 lockdown in New Cairo City ", HBRC Journal, 2023
- Abusaada, H., Elshater, A., " Wartime urbanism: three rules for protecting city places ", Journal of Urbanism, 2023
- Shereen Wael, Abeer Elshater, Samy Afifi, " Mapping User Experiences around Transit Stops Using Computer Vision Technology: Action Priorities from Cairo ", Sustainability, 2022
- Abeer Elshater, Hisham Abusaada, " Climate Change Adaptation ", , 2022
- Shereen Wael, Abeer Elshater, Samy M. Z. Afifi, " Mapping Heat Exposure of Pedestrian Density Around Metro Stations Using Artificial Intelligence ", , 2022
- Hamdy Hefnawy, Abeer Elshater, Mohamed El Fayoumi, Natalie Marie Gulsrud, " Urban Heat Islands in Degenerative and Regenerative Cities ", , 2022
- Ali, O., Mansour, Y., Elshater, A., Fareed, A., " Assessing the Identity of Place through Its Measurable Components to Achieve Sustainable Development ", Civil Engineering and Architecture, 2022
- Abusaada, H., Elshater, A., " COVID-19 and “the trinity of boredom” in public spaces: urban form, social distancing and digital transformation ", Archnet-IJAR, 2022
- Abusaada, H., Elshater, A., " COVID-19’s challenges to urbanism: social distancing and the phenomenon of boredom in urban spaces ", Journal of Urbanism, 2022
- Elshater, A., Abusaada, H., Tarek, M., Afifi, S., " Designing the Socio-Spatial Context Urban Infi ll, Liveability, and Conviviality ", Built Environment, 2022
- Elshater, A., Abusaada, H., " Developing Process for Selecting Research Techniques in Urban Planning and Urban Design with a PRISMA-Compliant Review ", Social Sciences, 2022
- Elshater, A., Alwaer, H., " Editorial: Approaches in urban design and planning education ", Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Urban Design and Planning, 2022
- Elshater, A., Abusaada, H., Alwaer, H., " Editorial: City singularity and paradigms of urban forms pluralist ", Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Urban Design and Planning, 2022
- Elshater, A., Abusaada, H., Alwaer, H., " Editorial: Smart liveable cities: Plans or forms? ", Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Urban Design and Planning, 2022
- Elshater, A., Abusaada, H., " Effects of nightlife activities on urban spaces and design: a case study of Cairo, Egypt ", City, Territory and Architecture, 2022
- Abusaada, H., Elshater, A., " Examining similarity indicators in six planned capital cities from Africa and Asia: a qualitative research technique ", City, Territory and Architecture, 2022
- Elshater, A., Abusaada, H., " From uniqueness to singularity through city prestige ", Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Urban Design and Planning, 2022
- Elsayed, M.A., Ashour, A., Elshater, A., Elfayoumi, M.A., Mahmoud, S., " Mapping street vendors and informal economy effects in public spaces ", IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2022
- Abusaada, H., Elshater, A., " Notes on Developing Research Review in Urban Planning and Urban Design Based on PRISMA Statement ", Social Sciences, 2022
- Elshater, A., Abusaada, H., " People’s absence from public places: academic research in the post-covid-19 era ", Urban Geography, 2022
- El-Bardisy, N., Elshater, A., Afifi, S., Alfiky, A., " Spatial Analysis of Noise Contour Mapping Based on Traffic Speed ", SSRN, 2022
- Elbeah, B., Elshater, A., Toama, A., " Tactical Urbanism for Improving Livability in Lost Spaces of Cairo ", Advances in Science, Technology and Innovation, 2022
- Esraa Elmarakby, Marwa Khalifa, Abeer Elshater, Samy Afifi, " Tailored methods for mapping urban heat islands in Greater Cairo Region ", Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 2022
- Elshater, A., Abusaada, H., Alfiky, A., El-Bardisy, N., Elmarakby, E., Grant, S., " Workers’ Satisfaction vis-à-vis Environmental and Socio-Morphological Aspects for Sustainability and Decent Work ", Sustainability (Switzerland), 2022
- , " Investigating Built Environment Indicators to Develop a Local Walkability Index ", Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs, 2021
- Hisham Abusaada, Abeer Elshater, " Addressing the New Pragmatic Methods in Urban Design Discipline ", Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fifth Edition, 2021
- Hisham Abusaada, Abeer Elshater, Ahmed S. Abd Elrahman, " Articulating assemblage theory for salient urban atmospheres in children’s environments ", Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 2021
- Abeer Elshater, Hisham Abusaada, " Billboards, Smartness, and Nightlife Atmospheres in Old Cairo ", , 2021
- Abusaada, H., Elshater, A., " Competitiveness, distinctiveness and singularity in urban design: A systematic review and framework for smart cities ", Sustainable Cities and Society, 2021
- Abeer, E., " Editorial ", Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Urban Design and Planning, 2021
- Abusaada, H., Elshater, A., " Effect of people on placemaking and affective atmospheres in city streets ", Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 2021
- Abusaada, H., Elshater, A., " Improving visitor satisfaction in Egypt’s Heliopolis historical district ", Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 2021
- Ehab, H., Elshater, A., Toimah, A., " Investigating the Children’s Satisfaction in Cairo Toward Achieving Child-Friendly City ", Advances in Science, Technology and Innovation, 2021
- Hisham Abusaada, Abeer Elshater, " Nightlife in Smart Public Spaces ", , 2021
- El-Metwally, Y., Khalifa, M., Elshater, A., " Quantitative study for applying prospect-refuge theory on perceived safety in Al-Azhar Park, Egypt ", Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 2021
- Abusaada, H., Elshater, A., " Revealing distinguishing factors between Space and Place in urban design literature ", Journal of Urban Design, 2021
- Hisham Abusaada, Abeer Elshater, " COVID-19 Challenge, Information Technologies, and Smart Cities: Considerations for Well-Being ", International Journal of Community Well-Being, 2020
- , " Reconstructing Urban Ambiance in Smart Public Places ", Advances in Civil and Industrial Engineering, 2020
- Hisham Abusaada, Abeer Elshater, " Effects of Urban Atmospheres on Changing Attitudes of Crowded Public Places: An Action Plan ", International Journal of Community Well-Being, 2020
- Hisham Abusaada, Abeer Elshater, " Affective Atmospheres, Essence of Architecture, and Spirit of Place ", Reconstructing Urban Ambiance in Smart Public Places, 2020
- Hisham Abusaada, Ashraf M. Salama, Abeer Elshater, " Call for book chapters: Reconstructing Urban Ambiance in Smart Public Places ", Unpublished, 2020
- Caterina Tiazzoldi, Abeer Elshater, " Combinatorial Architecture ", Reconstructing Urban Ambiance in Smart Public Places, 2020
- , " Competencies urban planning students need to succeed in professional practices Lessons learned from Egypt ", International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR, 2020
- Gehad Megahed, Abeer Elshater, Samy M.Z. Afifi, " Competencies urban planning students need to succeed in professional practices ", Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research, 2019
- Elshater, A., " Food consumption in the everyday life of liveable cities: design implications for conviviality ", Journal of Urbanism, 2020
- Elaf Raslan, Marwa Khalifa, Abeer Elshater, " Mapping Arts and Urban Development in Cairo’s Downtown ", Architecture and Urbanism: A Smart Outlook, 2020
- Samih, B., Hassan, G.F., Serag, Y., Elshater, A., " Mostar versus beirut post conflict reconstruction: Argumentative review ", Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 2020
- Abusaada, H., Salama, A.M., Elshater, A., " Preface ", Reconstructing Urban Ambiance in Smart Public Places, 2020
- Hisham Abusaada, Abeer Elshater, " Situational Atmospheres ", Reconstructing Urban Ambiance in Smart Public Places, 2020
- Esraa Elmarakby, Marwa Khalifa, Abeer Elshater, Samy Afifi, " Spatial Morphology and Urban Heat Island: Comparative Case Studies ", Architecture and Urbanism: A Smart Outlook, 2020
- Mohamed Abedo, Mohamed Salheen, Abeer Elshater, " The Dawn of Walkability ", Soft Computing Techniques and Applications in Mechanical Engineering, 2020
- Abusaada, H., Elshater, A., " Urban design assessment tools: A model for exploring atmospheres and situations ", Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Urban Design and Planning, 2020
- Lina Fayed, Abeer Elshater, Rowaida Rashed, " Aspects of Regenerative Cities ", Architecture and Urbanism: A Smart Outlook , 2019
- , " Copenhagen: A Model for Regenerative Cities ", Architecture and Urbanism: A Smart Outlook, 2019
- , " How can urban fabrics enhance walkability? ", Architecture and Urbanism: A Smart Outlook, 2019
- , " Investigating the Urban Heat Island Phenomenon in Residential Areas of Cairo ", Architecture and Urbanism: A Smart Out Look, 2019
- , " The correlation between arts and development ", Architecture and Urbanism: A Smart Outlook, 2019
- Hisham Abusaada, Abeer Elshater, " A Crowdsourcing Approach in Urban Design ", Handbook of Research on Digital Research Methods and Architectural Tools in Urban Planning and Design, 2019
- Eldaidamony, M., Shetawy, A.A.A., Serag, Y., Elshater, A., " Adapting Geographies of Gentrification in Egypt: Lesson Learned from Fatimid Cairo and Heliopolis ", Advances in Science, Technology and Innovation, 2019
- Eldaidamony, M., Shetawy, A.A.A., Serag, Y., Elshater, A., " Applying the Gentrification Indicators in Heliopolis District ", Advances in Science, Technology and Innovation, 2019
- Hisham Abusaada, Abeer Elshater, " From Chaos to Order ", Industrial and Urban Growth Policies at the Sub-National, National, and Global Levels, 2019
- Hisham Abusaada, Abeer Elshater, " Internet of Things Interpreting a Myth ", Handbook of Research on Digital Research Methods and Architectural Tools in Urban Planning and Design, 2019
- Ahmed, N., Elshater, A., Afifi, S., " The Community Participation in the Design Process of Livable Streets ", Innovations and Interdisciplinary Solutions for Underserved Areas, 2019
- Elshater, A., " The Predicament of Post-Displacement Amidst Historical Sites: A Design-based Correlation Between People and Place ", Heritage and Society, 2019
- Elshater, A., Abusaada, H., Afifi, S., " What makes livable cities of today alike? Revisiting the criterion of singularity through two case studies ", Cities, 2019
- , " Land: Is it a resource or a place-making element? ", Conference: A World of Flows, Lugano- Switzerland , 2018
- Abeer Elshater, " Towards a Refined New Concept of New Urbanism in Egypt ", Asian Journal of Environment-Behaviour Studies, 2018
- , " The Fifth Dimension of Urban Design: Urban Atmospheres ", Academic Bookshop, 2018
- Hisham G. Abusaada, Abeer Elshater, " Knowledge-Based Urban Design in the Architectural Academic Field ", Knowledge-Based Urban Development in the Middle East, 2018
- Abeer Elshater, " The Philosophy of Urban Reload ", Asian Journal of Quality of Life, 2018
- Elshater, A., " The power of photography in urban design discipline: A Module Catalogue ", Archnet-IJAR, 2018
- Bothaina Samih, Ghada Farouk Hassan, Yehya Serag, Abeer Elshater, " Urban Planner on the Move: Lessons Learned from Cities of Post-War Reconstruction ", Unpublished, 2018
- Elshater, A., " What can the urban designer do for children? Normative principles of child–friendly communities for responsive third places ", Journal of Urban Design, 2018
- , " Photography for nourishing visual skills in urban design programme ", International Conference for Sustainable Design of the Built Environment SDBE 2017, 2017
- Abeer Elshater, " Widen the Scale of Urban Design to the Level of City Planning: Argument beyond a Case of Two Cities ", Federico II Open Access University Press, 2017
- , " Urban Design Education and Photography ", , 2017
- , " Architecture Evermore ", Partridge Africa: Penguin Reader, 2017
- , " Back to the Order: The chaos in the cities of hardship ", Lambert Academic Publishing, 2017
- , " What is Urban Design? ", Partridge Africa, 2016
- , " Urban Hotspots as a Catalyst for Adequate Living in Internal Displacement Process ", New Pressures on Cities and Regions: RSA Annual Winter Conference held at the special session “External and Internal Displacement, 2016
- , " Studying the Concept of ‘Hope’ as a Tool for Better Living ", RSA Annual Conference held at Karl-Franzens-Universität in Graz, Austria, on 3rd – 6th April 2016, 2016
- , " Do the unknown cities make the anti-utopians? ", , 2016
- , " The Unknown Cities ", Partridge Africa , 2016
- Elshater, A., " The ten-minute neighborhood is [not] a basic planning unit for happiness in Egypt ", Archnet-IJAR, 2016
- Abeer Elshater, " THE TEN-MINUTE NEIGHBORHOOD IS [NOT] A BASIC PLANNING UNIT FOR HAPPINESS IN EGYPT ", International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR, 2016
- , " Urban Design Paradigm ", Partridge Africa: Penguin Reader, 2015
- Abeer Elshater, " The Principles of Gestalt Laws and Everyday Urbanism: A Visual Tactic of City Potentialities ", The International Journal of the Constructed Environment, 2015
- Elshater, A.M., " Urban design redux: Redefining a professional practice of specialization ", Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 2015
- Abeer M. Elshater, Fatima Ibraheem, " From Typology Concept to Smart Transportation Hub ", Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2014
- , " Tactical Urbanism: A Method of Community Empowerment in Cairo Neighborhoods ", , 2014
- Elshater, A., " Prosperity of thought versus retreat of application: A comprehensive approach in urban design teaching ", Archnet-IJAR, 2014
- Abeer Elshater, " PROSPERITY OF THOUGHT VERSUS RETREAT OF APPLICATION: A Comprehensive Approach in Urban Design Teaching ", International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR, 2014
- , " Urban Design vs comprehensive Planing: An approach for sustaining cities ", , 2013
- , " Assessment Methodology towards Outcomes-Based Learning in Urban Design Course ", Sustainable Building 2013-SB13, 2013
- Abeer Elshater, " The Art of Architecture and Urban Design ", , 2013
- , " Towards Refined a New Concept of New Urbaism in Egypt ", Asian Journal of Environment-Behaviour Studies, 2013
- , " Urban Reloading Theory ", , 2013
- , " Urban Reloading Philosophy Adequate to People-place ", , 2013
- , " Cairo The Capital, Is It a Preferable City or Unlivable? ", An International Conference QOL 2012, 2012
- Abeer Elshater, " New Urbanism Principles versus Urban Design Dimensions towards Behavior Performance Efficiency in Egyptian Neighbourhood Unit ", Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2012
- , " The Issue of Green Buildings ", , 2011
- , " The Reflection of Culture on Contemporary Architecture of Poor ", , 2009
- Hisham Abusaada, Carsten Vellguth, Abeer Elshater, " Digital Research Methods and Architectural Tools in Urban Planning and Design ", Advances in Civil and Industrial Engineering, 2019
Research Projects
Abeer Elshater is a personal investigator for a funded research project (STDF Basic & Applied Research Grants (STDF-BARG 37234) by Science, Technology and Innovation Funding Authority (STDF) about urban heat islands and urban forms.